Late Soviet Sociology about Old Age and Gender: There Were Theoretical Insights
Research Article
How to Cite
Zdravomyslova E.A. Late Soviet Sociology about Old Age and Gender: There Were Theoretical Insights. Interaction. Interview. Interpretation. 2021. Vol. 13. No. 3. P. 65-91. DOI: https://doi.org/10.19181/inter.2021.13.3.3 (in Russ.).
Abstract
The focus of the article is construction of old age and gender in the late Soviet sociology. The author is engaged in secondary analysis of the texts based on the empirical research conducted in the 1970s-1980s. The author argues that Soviet sociologists produced empirically based knowledge about Soviet elderly, which contradicted with ideological claims of the party state. Their texts were balancing between ideological loyalty and positivist knowledge. Researchers were well informed about international sociological discussion of the time: they criticized ‘bourgeois’ disengagement theory of ageing and hailed active ageing paradigm. Empirical studies confirmed however that the life of Soviet elderly was very different from the normative model of active ageing Soviet style. Not many aged citizens were engaged in social activities, most of them experienced shortage of contacts, loneliness and social exclusion. Biographical passage to retirement has been fearful and traumatic experience with lack of institutional help and family care as the preferred option. Men showed more vulnerability to the losses of retirement than women did who are claimed to be better adapted to the life outside paid job due to the Soviet gender contract. Thus, Soviet sociologists in fact were critical to the elderly care regime of the late-Soviet period, though expressed their criticisms in the veiled way under the disguise of the ideological clichés. Though Soviet sociological research was mostly policy oriented and is criticized for its ‘theoretical poverty’, the author argues that certain theoretical insights are fruitful and relevant for the current research on ageing in Russian society.
Keywords:
soviet sociology, elderly, gender, aging, social constructivism, pensioners
References
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Eglite P. (1977) Trud imeyushchih pravo na pensiyu [The work of those who are entitled to a pension]. Pozhilye lyudi v nashej strane [Elderly people in our country]. Moscow: Nauka. P. 60—71. (In Russ.)
Frenkel' Z.G. (1945) Udlinenie zhizni i aktivnaya starost' [Prolongation of life and active old age]. Leningrad: GIUV. (In Russ.)
Golovaha E.I. (1982) Svobodnoe vremya pensionerov i osobennosti ego ispol'zovaniya [Free time of pensioners and features of its use]. Gerontologiya i geriatriya [Gerontology and geriatrics]. Kiev: Institut gerontologii AMN SSSR. P. 32—59. (In Russ.)
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Gordon L.A., Klopov E.V., Gruzdeva E.B. (1977) Etapy zhiznennogo cikla sem'i i byt rabotayushchih zhenshchin [Stages of the family life cycle and the life of working women]. Izmenenie polozheniya zhenshchin i sem'ya [Changing the status of women and the family]. Moscow: Nauka. P. 139—150. (In Russ.)
Grigoryeva I., Sizova I. (2018) Traektorii stareniya zhenshchin v sovremennoj Rossii [Aging Trajectories of Women in Modern Russia]. Mir Rossii [Universe of Russia]. Vol. 27. No. 2. P. 109—135. (In Russ.) DOI: https://doi.org/10.17323/1811-038X-2018-27-2-109-135
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Grushin B.A. (1999) Gor'kij vkus nevostrebovannosti [The bitter taste of being unclaimed]. In: Batygin G.S. (ed.) Rossijskaya sociologiya shestidesyatyh godov [Russian Sociology of the 60s]. Moscow: Russkij hristianskij gumanitarnyj institut. P. 205—228. (In Russ.)
Henry W. (1964) The Theory of Intrinsic Disengagement. In: Hansen P.F. (ed.) Age with a Future. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis and Company.
Hochschild A. (1975) Disengagement Theory: A Critique and Proposal. American Sociological Review. Vol. 40. No. 5. P. 553—569. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2094195
Karsaevskaya T.V., Shatalov A.T. (1978) Filosofskie problemy gerontologii [Philosophical problems of gerontology]. Moscow: Nauka. (In Russ.)
Kharchev A.G. (1979) Brak i sem'ya v SSSR [Marriage and family in the USSR]. Moscow: Mysl'. (In Russ.)
Kon I.S. (1978) Vozrastnye kategorii v naukah o cheloveke i obshchestve [Age categories in the sciences of man and society]. Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya [Sociological Studies]. No. 3. P. 76—86. (In Russ.)
Krementsov N. (2014) Revolutionary Experiments: The Quest for Immortality in Bolshevik Science and Fiction. N.Y.: Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199992980.001.0001
Lancev M.S. (1976) Social'noe obespechenie v SSSR (ekonomicheskij aspekt) [Social security in the USSR (economic aspect)]. Moscow: Ekonomika. (In Russ.)
Levinson A.G. (2005) Starost' kak institut [Old age as an institution]. Otechestvennye zapiski [Domestic notes]. No. 3. P. 18—29. (In Russ.)
Moskalets G.M. (1980) Social'no-gigienicheskij analiz byudzhetov vremeni pensionerov krupnogo goroda [Social and hygienic analysis of the time budgets of pensioners of a large city]. Avtoreferat dissertacii kand. med. nauk [Abstract of the dissertation of the Candidate of Medical Sciences]. Kiev: Kievskij medicinskij institut. (In Russ.)
Moskalets G.M., Sachuk N.N. (1976) Social'no-gigienicheskie aspekty izucheniya obraza zhizni naseleniya v pred— i pensionnom vozraste [Socio-hygienic aspects of studying the lifestyle of the population in pre-and retirement age]. III Vsesoyuznyj s"ezd gerontologov i geriatrov: Tez. i ref. dokl. [III All-Union Congress of Gerontologists and Geriatricians: Theses and abstracts of reports]. Kiev. P. 24. (In Russ.)
Panina N.V. (1978) Rol' sanitarnoj i psihologicheskoj podgotovki v formirovanii racional'nogo obraza zhizni v pensionnom vozraste [The role of sanitary and psychological training in the formation of a rational lifestyle in retirement age]. Voprosy gerontologii [Questions of gerontology]. Kiev: Institut gerontologii AMN SSSR. P. 80—86. (In Russ.)
Panina N.V. (1979) Podgotovka k vyhodu na pensiyu kak uslovie adaptacii k statusu pensionera [Preparation for retirement as a condition for adaptation to the status of a pensioner]. Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya [Sociological Studies]. No. 3. P. 101—107. (In Russ.)
Panina N.V. (1980) Problemy social'noj adaptacii pozhilyh lyudej k statusu pensionerov [Problems of social adaptation of elderly people to the status of pensioners]. Avtoreferat dissertacii kand. filosof. nauk [Abstract of the dissertation of the Candidate of Philosophy]. Moscow: ISI AN SSSR. (In Russ.)
Panina N.V. (1984a) Duhovnye potrebnosti pozhilyh lyudej: osobennosti formirovaniya i kriterii razumnosti [Spiritual needs of the elderly: features of formation and criteria of reasonableness]. Fіlosofs'ka dumka [Philosophical thought]. No. 5. P. 16—28. (In Russ.)
Panina N.V. (1984b) Vozrastnye osobennosti dinamiki obraza zhizni posle prekrashcheniya trudovoj deyatel'nosti [Age-related features of lifestyle dynamics after termination of employment]. Sovremennye problemy prikladnoj sociologii i social'noj psihologii v trudovyh kollektivah [Modern problems of applied sociology and social psychology in labor collectives]. Leningrad: Leningradskij gosudarstvennyj universitet. P. 87. (In Russ.)
Panina N.V. (1987) Zhiznennyj put' lichnosti (voprosy teorii i metodologii social'no-psihologicheskogo issledovaniya) [The life path of the individual (questions of the theory and methodology of socio-psychological research)]. Kiev: Naukova dumka. (In Russ.)
Panina N.V., Sachuk N.N. (1982) Starshee pokolenie v sovremennoj sem'e [The older generation in the modern family]. Sem'ya i obshchestvo [Family and society]. Moscow: Nauka. P. 39—57. (In Russ.)
Pickard S., Robinson J. (eds.) (2019) Ageing, the Body and the Gender Regime. London: Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429434952
Piotrovskij E. (1972) Izmenivshiesya predstavleniya o starosti [Changed ideas about old age]. 9-j Mezhdunarodnyj kongress gerontologov. Doklady [The 9th International Congress of Gerontologists. Reports]. Vol. 1. Kiev. P. 81—84. (In Russ.)
Riley H. et al. (1972) Aging and Society: A Sociology of Age Stratification. Vol. 3. 3rd ed. N.Y.: Russell Sage Foundation.
Sachuk N.N., Panina N.V. (1983) Metodicheskie rekomendacii po provedeniyu kompleksnoj podgotovki k racional'nomu obrazu zhizni v pensionnom periode [Methodological recommendations for conducting comprehensive preparation for a rational lifestyle in the retirement period]. Kiev: Minzdrav USSR. (In Russ.)
Shapiro V.D. (1976a) Faktory trudovoj aktivnosti pensionerov [Factors of labor activity of pensioners]. Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya [Sociological Studies]. No. 1. P. 102—112. (In Russ.)
Shapiro V.D. (1976b) Faktory zanyatosti pensionerov v obshchestvennom proizvodstve: opyt sociologicheskogo issledovaniya [Factors of employment of pensioners in public production: the experience of a sociological study]. Avtoreferat dissertacii kand. filos. nauk [Abstract of the dissertation of the Candidate of Philosophy]. Moscow: ISI AN SSSR. (In Russ.)
Shapiro V.D. (1980) Chelovek na pensii [A retired person]. Moscow: Mysl'. (In Russ.)
Shapiro V.D. (1983) Social'naya aktivnost' pozhilyh lyudej v SSSR [Social activity of elderly people in the USSR]. Moscow: Nauka. (In Russ.)
Social'naya sreda, obraz zhizni i starenie [Social environment, lifestyle and aging] (1970) Kiev: Institut gerontologii AMN SSSR. (In Russ.)
Sokolov M. (2017) Famous and Forgotten: Soviet Sociology and the Nature of Intellectual Achievement under Totalitarianism. Serendipities. No. 2. P. 183—212.
Stezhenskaya E.I., Sachuk N.N. (1972) Demograficheskie sdvigi v sovremennom obshchestve i trudovaya aktivnost' naseleniya starshih vozrastov [Demographic shifts in modern society and labor activity of the older population]. Vedushchie problemy Sovetskoj gerontologii: materialy k IX mezhdunarodnomu kongressu gerontologov [Leading problems of Soviet gerontology: materials for the IX International Congress of Gerontologists]. Vol. 3. Kiev. P. 258—261. (In Russ.)
Titarenko L., Zdravomyslova E. (2017) Sociology in Russia: A Brief History. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58085-2
Urlanis B.C. (1968) Istoriya odnogo pokoleniya [The history of one generation]. Moscow: Mysl'. (In Russ.)
Valentej D.I. (1977) Lyudi “tret'ego vozrasta” [People of the “third age”]. Pozhilye lyudi v nashej strane [Elderly people in our country]. Moscow: Nauka. P. 10—17. (In Russ.)
Yadov V.A. (ed.) (1977) Social'no-psihologicheskij portret inzhenera [Socio-psychological portrait of an engineer]. Moscow: Mysl'. (In Russ.)
Yankova Z. (1978) Sovetskaya zhenshchina. Social'nyj portret [A Soviet woman. Social profile]. Moscow: Politizdat. (In Russ.)
Aleksandrova M.D. (1974) Problemy social'noj i psihologicheskoj gerontologii [Problems of social and psychological gerontology]. Leningrad: Leningradskij universitet. (In Russ.)
Burawoy M. (2005) For Public Sociology. American Sociological Review. Vol. 70. No. 1. P. 4—28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177%2F000312240507000102
Chebotarev D.F., Sachuk N.S., Stezhenskaya E.N. (1975) Social'nye aspekty gerontologii v usloviyah nauchno-tekhnicheskoj revolyucii [Social aspects of gerontology in the context of the scientific and technological revolution]. Sorevnovanie dvuh sistem. Ekonomika socializma i vsemirnoe hozyajstvo [The competition of two systems. The economy of socialism and the world economy]. Moscow: Nauka. P. 216—232. (In Russ.)
Cumming E., Henry W. (1961) Growing Old: The Process of Disengagement. N.Y.: Basic Books.
Dmitriev A.V. (1980) Social'nye problemy lyudej pozhilogo vozrasta [Social problems of elderly people]. Leningrad: Nauka. (In Russ.)
Eglite P. (1977) Trud imeyushchih pravo na pensiyu [The work of those who are entitled to a pension]. Pozhilye lyudi v nashej strane [Elderly people in our country]. Moscow: Nauka. P. 60—71. (In Russ.)
Frenkel' Z.G. (1945) Udlinenie zhizni i aktivnaya starost' [Prolongation of life and active old age]. Leningrad: GIUV. (In Russ.)
Golovaha E.I. (1982) Svobodnoe vremya pensionerov i osobennosti ego ispol'zovaniya [Free time of pensioners and features of its use]. Gerontologiya i geriatriya [Gerontology and geriatrics]. Kiev: Institut gerontologii AMN SSSR. P. 32—59. (In Russ.)
Golovaha E.I., Panina N.V. (1989) Kriterii i principy razumnoj organizacii zhizni [Criteria and principles of a reasonable organization of life]. Razumnaya organizaciya zhizni lichnosti: problemy vospitaniya i samoregulirovaniya [Reasonable organization of personal life: problems of education and self-regulation]. Kiev: Naukova dumka. P. 88—104. (In Russ.)
Gordon L.A., Klopov E.V. (1972) Chelovek posle raboty [A person after work]. Moscow: Nauka. (In Russ.)
Gordon L.A., Klopov E.V., Gruzdeva E.B. (1977) Etapy zhiznennogo cikla sem'i i byt rabotayushchih zhenshchin [Stages of the family life cycle and the life of working women]. Izmenenie polozheniya zhenshchin i sem'ya [Changing the status of women and the family]. Moscow: Nauka. P. 139—150. (In Russ.)
Grigoryeva I., Sizova I. (2018) Traektorii stareniya zhenshchin v sovremennoj Rossii [Aging Trajectories of Women in Modern Russia]. Mir Rossii [Universe of Russia]. Vol. 27. No. 2. P. 109—135. (In Russ.) DOI: https://doi.org/10.17323/1811-038X-2018-27-2-109-135
Grushin B.A. (1967) Svobodnoe vremya. Aktual'nye problem [Free time. Current problems]. Moscow: Mysl'. (In Russ.)
Grushin B.A. (1999) Gor'kij vkus nevostrebovannosti [The bitter taste of being unclaimed]. In: Batygin G.S. (ed.) Rossijskaya sociologiya shestidesyatyh godov [Russian Sociology of the 60s]. Moscow: Russkij hristianskij gumanitarnyj institut. P. 205—228. (In Russ.)
Henry W. (1964) The Theory of Intrinsic Disengagement. In: Hansen P.F. (ed.) Age with a Future. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis and Company.
Hochschild A. (1975) Disengagement Theory: A Critique and Proposal. American Sociological Review. Vol. 40. No. 5. P. 553—569. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2094195
Karsaevskaya T.V., Shatalov A.T. (1978) Filosofskie problemy gerontologii [Philosophical problems of gerontology]. Moscow: Nauka. (In Russ.)
Kharchev A.G. (1979) Brak i sem'ya v SSSR [Marriage and family in the USSR]. Moscow: Mysl'. (In Russ.)
Kon I.S. (1978) Vozrastnye kategorii v naukah o cheloveke i obshchestve [Age categories in the sciences of man and society]. Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya [Sociological Studies]. No. 3. P. 76—86. (In Russ.)
Krementsov N. (2014) Revolutionary Experiments: The Quest for Immortality in Bolshevik Science and Fiction. N.Y.: Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199992980.001.0001
Lancev M.S. (1976) Social'noe obespechenie v SSSR (ekonomicheskij aspekt) [Social security in the USSR (economic aspect)]. Moscow: Ekonomika. (In Russ.)
Levinson A.G. (2005) Starost' kak institut [Old age as an institution]. Otechestvennye zapiski [Domestic notes]. No. 3. P. 18—29. (In Russ.)
Moskalets G.M. (1980) Social'no-gigienicheskij analiz byudzhetov vremeni pensionerov krupnogo goroda [Social and hygienic analysis of the time budgets of pensioners of a large city]. Avtoreferat dissertacii kand. med. nauk [Abstract of the dissertation of the Candidate of Medical Sciences]. Kiev: Kievskij medicinskij institut. (In Russ.)
Moskalets G.M., Sachuk N.N. (1976) Social'no-gigienicheskie aspekty izucheniya obraza zhizni naseleniya v pred— i pensionnom vozraste [Socio-hygienic aspects of studying the lifestyle of the population in pre-and retirement age]. III Vsesoyuznyj s"ezd gerontologov i geriatrov: Tez. i ref. dokl. [III All-Union Congress of Gerontologists and Geriatricians: Theses and abstracts of reports]. Kiev. P. 24. (In Russ.)
Panina N.V. (1978) Rol' sanitarnoj i psihologicheskoj podgotovki v formirovanii racional'nogo obraza zhizni v pensionnom vozraste [The role of sanitary and psychological training in the formation of a rational lifestyle in retirement age]. Voprosy gerontologii [Questions of gerontology]. Kiev: Institut gerontologii AMN SSSR. P. 80—86. (In Russ.)
Panina N.V. (1979) Podgotovka k vyhodu na pensiyu kak uslovie adaptacii k statusu pensionera [Preparation for retirement as a condition for adaptation to the status of a pensioner]. Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya [Sociological Studies]. No. 3. P. 101—107. (In Russ.)
Panina N.V. (1980) Problemy social'noj adaptacii pozhilyh lyudej k statusu pensionerov [Problems of social adaptation of elderly people to the status of pensioners]. Avtoreferat dissertacii kand. filosof. nauk [Abstract of the dissertation of the Candidate of Philosophy]. Moscow: ISI AN SSSR. (In Russ.)
Panina N.V. (1984a) Duhovnye potrebnosti pozhilyh lyudej: osobennosti formirovaniya i kriterii razumnosti [Spiritual needs of the elderly: features of formation and criteria of reasonableness]. Fіlosofs'ka dumka [Philosophical thought]. No. 5. P. 16—28. (In Russ.)
Panina N.V. (1984b) Vozrastnye osobennosti dinamiki obraza zhizni posle prekrashcheniya trudovoj deyatel'nosti [Age-related features of lifestyle dynamics after termination of employment]. Sovremennye problemy prikladnoj sociologii i social'noj psihologii v trudovyh kollektivah [Modern problems of applied sociology and social psychology in labor collectives]. Leningrad: Leningradskij gosudarstvennyj universitet. P. 87. (In Russ.)
Panina N.V. (1987) Zhiznennyj put' lichnosti (voprosy teorii i metodologii social'no-psihologicheskogo issledovaniya) [The life path of the individual (questions of the theory and methodology of socio-psychological research)]. Kiev: Naukova dumka. (In Russ.)
Panina N.V., Sachuk N.N. (1982) Starshee pokolenie v sovremennoj sem'e [The older generation in the modern family]. Sem'ya i obshchestvo [Family and society]. Moscow: Nauka. P. 39—57. (In Russ.)
Pickard S., Robinson J. (eds.) (2019) Ageing, the Body and the Gender Regime. London: Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429434952
Piotrovskij E. (1972) Izmenivshiesya predstavleniya o starosti [Changed ideas about old age]. 9-j Mezhdunarodnyj kongress gerontologov. Doklady [The 9th International Congress of Gerontologists. Reports]. Vol. 1. Kiev. P. 81—84. (In Russ.)
Riley H. et al. (1972) Aging and Society: A Sociology of Age Stratification. Vol. 3. 3rd ed. N.Y.: Russell Sage Foundation.
Sachuk N.N., Panina N.V. (1983) Metodicheskie rekomendacii po provedeniyu kompleksnoj podgotovki k racional'nomu obrazu zhizni v pensionnom periode [Methodological recommendations for conducting comprehensive preparation for a rational lifestyle in the retirement period]. Kiev: Minzdrav USSR. (In Russ.)
Shapiro V.D. (1976a) Faktory trudovoj aktivnosti pensionerov [Factors of labor activity of pensioners]. Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya [Sociological Studies]. No. 1. P. 102—112. (In Russ.)
Shapiro V.D. (1976b) Faktory zanyatosti pensionerov v obshchestvennom proizvodstve: opyt sociologicheskogo issledovaniya [Factors of employment of pensioners in public production: the experience of a sociological study]. Avtoreferat dissertacii kand. filos. nauk [Abstract of the dissertation of the Candidate of Philosophy]. Moscow: ISI AN SSSR. (In Russ.)
Shapiro V.D. (1980) Chelovek na pensii [A retired person]. Moscow: Mysl'. (In Russ.)
Shapiro V.D. (1983) Social'naya aktivnost' pozhilyh lyudej v SSSR [Social activity of elderly people in the USSR]. Moscow: Nauka. (In Russ.)
Social'naya sreda, obraz zhizni i starenie [Social environment, lifestyle and aging] (1970) Kiev: Institut gerontologii AMN SSSR. (In Russ.)
Sokolov M. (2017) Famous and Forgotten: Soviet Sociology and the Nature of Intellectual Achievement under Totalitarianism. Serendipities. No. 2. P. 183—212.
Stezhenskaya E.I., Sachuk N.N. (1972) Demograficheskie sdvigi v sovremennom obshchestve i trudovaya aktivnost' naseleniya starshih vozrastov [Demographic shifts in modern society and labor activity of the older population]. Vedushchie problemy Sovetskoj gerontologii: materialy k IX mezhdunarodnomu kongressu gerontologov [Leading problems of Soviet gerontology: materials for the IX International Congress of Gerontologists]. Vol. 3. Kiev. P. 258—261. (In Russ.)
Titarenko L., Zdravomyslova E. (2017) Sociology in Russia: A Brief History. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58085-2
Urlanis B.C. (1968) Istoriya odnogo pokoleniya [The history of one generation]. Moscow: Mysl'. (In Russ.)
Valentej D.I. (1977) Lyudi “tret'ego vozrasta” [People of the “third age”]. Pozhilye lyudi v nashej strane [Elderly people in our country]. Moscow: Nauka. P. 10—17. (In Russ.)
Yadov V.A. (ed.) (1977) Social'no-psihologicheskij portret inzhenera [Socio-psychological portrait of an engineer]. Moscow: Mysl'. (In Russ.)
Yankova Z. (1978) Sovetskaya zhenshchina. Social'nyj portret [A Soviet woman. Social profile]. Moscow: Politizdat. (In Russ.)
Article
Received: 13.06.2021
Accepted: 28.09.2021
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APA
Zdravomyslova, E. A. (2021). Late Soviet Sociology about Old Age and Gender: There Were Theoretical Insights. Interaction. Interview. Interpretation, 13(3), 65-91. https://doi.org/10.19181/inter.2021.13.3.3
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