Conducting Interviews during the COVID-19 Pandemic and Beyond
Research Article
How to Cite
Self B., Ryazantsev A.P. (Trans). Conducting Interviews during the COVID-19 Pandemic and Beyond. Interaction. Interview. Interpretation. 2021. Vol. 13. No. 4. P. 9-27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.19181/inter.2021.13.4.1 (in Russ.).
Abstract
The use of telephone and VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) interviews has become necessary owing to the legal restrictions and safety measures introduced during the COVID-19 pandemic. This has furthered scholarly dialogue surrounding the choice of interview mode, and the assumption that face-to-face interviews are the "gold standard" [Novick, 2008: 397]. The general public has also become more accustomed to utilising VoIP in their day-to-day lives. In this article, I discuss this change in communication methods and the impact it could have on interview modes. Nevertheless, the researcher's and participant's contexts remain paramount when deciding which interview mode to employ. For this reason, Oltmann's model [Oltmann, 2016] has been extended to include VoIP, providing a more complete framework for researchers to make an informed decision when contemplating interview modes.
Keywords:
interview modes, Zoom, VoIP, Skype, qualitative interview, face-to-face, qualitative research
References
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Hanna P. Using Internet Technologies (such as Skype) as a Research Medium: A Research Note // Qualitative Research. 2012. Vol. 12. № 2. P. 239—242. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1468794111426607
Hesse-Biber Sh., Griffin A.J. Internet-Mediated Technologies and Mixed Methods Research: Problems and Prospects // Journal of Mixed Methods Research. 2013. Vol. 7. № 1. P. 43—61. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1558689812451791
Holt A. Using the Telephone for Narrative Interviewing: A Research Note // Qualitative Research. 2010. Vol. 10. № 1. P. 113—121. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1468794109348686
Hubbard G. et al. Supportive Care Needs of Women with Breast Cancer in Rural Scotland // Supportive Care in Cancer. 2015. Vol. 23. № 6. P. 1523—1532. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00520-014-2501-z
Jourian T.J. Trans*forming College Masculinities: Carving out Trans*masculine Pathways through the Threshold of Dominance // International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education. 2017. Vol. 30. № 3. P. 245—265. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09518398.2016.1257752
Kalekin-Fishman D. Looking at Interviewing: From “Just Talk” to Meticulous Method // Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research. 2002. Vol. 3. № 4. Art. 38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-3.4.800
Kazmer M.M., Xie B. Qualitative Interviewing in Internet Studies: Playing with the Media, Playing with the Method // Information, Community and Society. 2008. Vol. 11. № 2. P. 257—278. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13691180801946333
Knox S., Burkard A.W. Qualitative Research Interviews // Psychotherapy Research. 2009. Vol. 19. № 4—5. P. 566—575. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10503300802702105
Kominers S.D. et al. Zoom Video Communications: Eric Yuans Leadership during COVID-19. Harvard Business School Case 821-014. 2020. URL: https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=58693 (accessed 19 February 2021).
Lambert S.D., Loiselle C.G. Combining Individual Interviews and Focus Groups to Enhance Data Richness // Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2008. Vol. 62. № 2. P. 228—237. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04559.x
Lechuga V.M. Exploring Culture from a Distance: The Utility of Telephone Interviews in Qualitative Research // International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education. 2012. Vol. 25. № 3. P. 251—268. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09518398.2010.529853
Lo Iacono V., Symonds P., Brown D.H.K. Skype as a Tool for Qualitative Research Interviews // Sociological Research Online. 2016. Vol. 21. № 2. P. 103—117. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5153%2Fsro.3952
Lobe B., Morgan D., Hoffman K.A. Qualitative Data Collection in an Era of Social Distancing // International Journal of Qualitative Methods. 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406920937875
Longhurst R. Semi-Structured Interviews and Focus Groups // Key Methods in Geography / Ed. by N. Clifford et al. Thousand Oaks: SAGE, 2003. P. 143—156.
Magnusson E., Marecek J. Doing Interview-Based Qualitative Research: A Learner's Guide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781107449893
Maitland C.F. Now You See It, Now You Don't: Digital Connectivity in Marginalized Communities // Computer. 2018. Vol. 51. № 6. P. 62—71. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/MC.2018.2701624
Novick G. Is There a Bias against Telephone Interviews in Qualitative Research? // Research in Nursing and Health. 2008. № 31. P. 391—398. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.20259
Oltmann Sh.M. Qualitative Interviews: A Methodological Discussion of the Interviewer and Respondent Contexts // Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research. 2016. Vol. 17. № 2. Art. 15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-17.2.2551
Opdenakker R. Advantages and Disadvantages of Four Interview Techniques in Qualitative Research // Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research. 2006. Vol. 7. № 4. Art. 11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-7.4.175
Orne M.T. On the Social Psychology of the Psychological Experiment: With Particular Reference to Demand Characteristics and Their Implications // American Psychologist. 1962. Vol. 17. № 11. P. 776—783. DOI: https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/h0043424
Puddister K., Small T.S. Trial by Zoom? The Response to COVID-19 by Canada's Courts // Canadian Journal of Political Science. 2020. Vol. 53. № 2. P. 373—377. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS0008423920000505
Sandelowski M. Reembodying Qualitative Inquiry // Qualitative Health Research. 2002. Vol. 12. № 1. P. 104—115. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732302012001008
Seitz S. Pixilated Partnerships, Overcoming Obstacles in Qualitative Interviews via Skype: A Research Note // Qualitative Research. 2016. Vol. 16. № 2. P. 229—235. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1468794115577011
Shuy R.W. In-Person Versus Telephone Interviewing // Handbook of Interview Research: Context and Method / Ed. by J.F. Gubrium, J.A. Holstein. Thousand Oaks: SAGE, 2002. P. 537—555. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412973588.n32
Sipes J.B.A., Roberts L.D., Mullan B. Voice-Only Skype for Use in Researching Sensitive Topics: A Research Note // Qualitative Research in Psychology. 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14780887.2019.1577518
Skinner K. et al. Giving Voice to Food Insecurity in a Remote Indigenous Community in Subarctic Ontario, Canada: Traditional Ways, Way to Cope, Ways Forward // BMC Public Health. 2013. № 13. Art. 427. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-427
Stephens N. Collecting Data from Elites and Ultra Elites: Telephone and Face-to-Face Interviews with Macroeconomists // Qualitative Research. 2007. Vol. 7. № 2. P. 203—216. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794107076020
Sturges J.E., Hanrahan K.J. Comparing Telephone and Face-to-Face Qualitative Interviewing: A Research Note // Qualitative Research. 2004. Vol. 4. № 1. P. 107—118. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1468794104041110
Sullivan J.R. Skype: An Appropriate Method of Data Collection for Qualitative Interviews? // The Hilltop Review. 2012. Vol. 6. № 1. P. 54—60.
Sweet L. Telephone Interviewing: Is It Compatible with Interpretive Phenomenological Research? // Contemporary Nurse. 2002. Vol. 12. № 1. P. 58—63. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5172/conu.12.1.58
Sy M. et al. Doing Interprofessional Research in the COVID-19 Era: A Discussion Paper // Journal of Interprofessional Care. 2020. Vol. 34. № 5. P. 600—606. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13561820.2020.1791808
Taylor S.J., Bogdan R., DeVault M. Introduction to Qualitative Research Methods: A Guidebook and Resource. 4th ed. Hoboken: Wiley, 2015.
Vogl S. Telephone Versus Face-to-Face Interviews: Mode Effect on Semi-Structured Interviews with Children // Sociological Methodology. 2013. Vol. 43. № 1. P. 133—177. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0081175012465967
Ward K., Gott M., Hoare K. Participants' Views of Telephone Interviews within a Grounded Theory Study // Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2015. Vol. 71. № 12. P. 2775—2785. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.12748
Whale K. The Use of Skype and Telephone Interviews in Sensitive Qualitative Research with Young People: Experiences from the ROCCA Continence Study // Qualitative Methods Psychology Bulletin. 2017. Vol. 23. URL: https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/en/publications/the-use-of-skype-and-telephone-interviews-in-sensitive-qualitativ (accessed 23 August 2021).
Williams S., Sheffield D., Knibb R.C. “Everything's from the Inside out with PCOS”: Exploring Women's Experiences of Living with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Comorbidities through Skype Interviews // Health Psychology Open. 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2055102915603051
Wilson V. Research Methods: Interviews // Evidence Based Library and Information Practice. 2012. Vol. 7. № 2. P. 96¬—98. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18438/B89P5B
Addo G. Worshipping on Zoom: A Digital Ethnographic Study of African Pentecostals Churches and Their Liturgical Practices during Covid-19. Malmö: Malmö University, 2020. URL: http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-23360 (accessed 19 February 2021).
Alvesson M. Beyond Neopositivists, Romantics, and Localists: A Reflexive Approach to Interviews in Organizational Research // Academy of Management Review. 2003. Vol. 28. № 1. P. 13—33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2003.8925191
Archibald M.M. et al. Using Zoom Videoconferencing for Qualitative Data Collection: Perceptions and Experiences of Researchers and Participants // International Journal of Qualitative Methods. 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406919874596
Bailey K.D. Methods of Social Research. 3rd ed. New York: The Free Press, 1987.
Bampton R., Cowton C.J. The E-Interview // Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research. 2002. Vol. 3. № 2. Art. 9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-3.2.848
Bayles M. Is Physical Proximity Essential to the Psychoanalytic Process? An Exploration through the Lens of Skype // Psychoanalytic Dialogues. 2012. Vol. 22. № 5. P. 569—585. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10481885.2012.717043
Bekes V., Aafjes-van Doorn K. Psychotherapists Attitudes toward Online Therapy during the COVID-19 Pandemic // Journal of Psychotherapy Integration. 2020. Vol. 30. № 2. P. 238—247. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/int0000214
Boman I.-L. et al. Exploring the Usability of a Videophone Mock-up for Persons with Dementia and Their Significant Others // BMC Geriatrics. 2014. Vol. 14. № 1. Art. 49. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2318-14-49
Brink P.J. Issues in Reliability and Validity // Qualitative Nursing Research: A Contemporary Dialogue / Ed. by J.M. Morse. Newbury Park: SAGE, 1991. P. 164—186. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483349015.n20
Bryman A. Social Research Methods. 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.
Carr E.C., Worth A. The Use of the Telephone Interview for Research // NT Research. 2001. Vol. 6. № 1. P. 511—524. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177%2F136140960100600107
Cheng F.K. Dilemmas of Chinese Lesbian Youths in Contemporary Mainland China // Sexuality & Culture. 2018. Vol. 22. № 1. P. 190—208. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-017-9460-8
Deakin H., Wakefield K. Skype Interviewing: Reflections of Two PhD Researchers // Qualitative Research. 2014. Vol. 14. № 5. P. 603—616. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1468794113488126
Denzin N.K. The Research Act: A Theoretical Introduction to Sociological Methods. 3rd ed. Prentice Hall: Englewood Cliffs, 1989.
Dias M., Lopes R., Teles A. Will Virtual Replace Classroom Teaching? Lessons from Virtual Classes via Zoom in the Times of COVID-19 // Journal of Advances in Education and Philosophy. 2020. P. 208—213. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/jaep.2020.v04i05.004
Dinham S. The Use of the Telephone Interview in Educational Research: One Case Study // Education Research and Perspectives. 1993. Vol. 20. № 1. P. 17—26.
Dodds S., Hess A.C.H. Adapting Research Methodology during COVID-19: Lessons for Transformative Service Research // Journal of Service Management. 2020. Vol. 32. № 2. P. 203—217. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JOSM-05-2020-0153
Doody O., Noonan M. Preparing and Conducting Interviews to Collect Data // Nurse Researcher. 2013. Vol. 20. № 5. P. 28—32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7748/nr2013.05.20.5.28.e327
Gillham B. Research Interviewing: The Range of Techniques. Berkshire: Open University Press, 2005.
Glogowska M., Young P., Lockyer L. Propriety, Process and Purpose: Considerations of the Use of the Telephone Interview Methods in an Educational Research Study // Higher Education. 2011. Vol. 62. № 1. P. 17—26. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-010-9362-2
Gray L.M. et al. Expanding Qualitative Research Interviewing Strategies: Zoom Video Communications // The Qualitative Report. 2020. Vol. 25. № 5. P. 1292—1301. DOI: https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715%2F2020.4212
Hanna P. Using Internet Technologies (such as Skype) as a Research Medium: A Research Note // Qualitative Research. 2012. Vol. 12. № 2. P. 239—242. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1468794111426607
Hesse-Biber Sh., Griffin A.J. Internet-Mediated Technologies and Mixed Methods Research: Problems and Prospects // Journal of Mixed Methods Research. 2013. Vol. 7. № 1. P. 43—61. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1558689812451791
Holt A. Using the Telephone for Narrative Interviewing: A Research Note // Qualitative Research. 2010. Vol. 10. № 1. P. 113—121. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1468794109348686
Hubbard G. et al. Supportive Care Needs of Women with Breast Cancer in Rural Scotland // Supportive Care in Cancer. 2015. Vol. 23. № 6. P. 1523—1532. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00520-014-2501-z
Jourian T.J. Trans*forming College Masculinities: Carving out Trans*masculine Pathways through the Threshold of Dominance // International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education. 2017. Vol. 30. № 3. P. 245—265. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09518398.2016.1257752
Kalekin-Fishman D. Looking at Interviewing: From “Just Talk” to Meticulous Method // Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research. 2002. Vol. 3. № 4. Art. 38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-3.4.800
Kazmer M.M., Xie B. Qualitative Interviewing in Internet Studies: Playing with the Media, Playing with the Method // Information, Community and Society. 2008. Vol. 11. № 2. P. 257—278. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13691180801946333
Knox S., Burkard A.W. Qualitative Research Interviews // Psychotherapy Research. 2009. Vol. 19. № 4—5. P. 566—575. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10503300802702105
Kominers S.D. et al. Zoom Video Communications: Eric Yuans Leadership during COVID-19. Harvard Business School Case 821-014. 2020. URL: https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=58693 (accessed 19 February 2021).
Lambert S.D., Loiselle C.G. Combining Individual Interviews and Focus Groups to Enhance Data Richness // Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2008. Vol. 62. № 2. P. 228—237. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04559.x
Lechuga V.M. Exploring Culture from a Distance: The Utility of Telephone Interviews in Qualitative Research // International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education. 2012. Vol. 25. № 3. P. 251—268. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09518398.2010.529853
Lo Iacono V., Symonds P., Brown D.H.K. Skype as a Tool for Qualitative Research Interviews // Sociological Research Online. 2016. Vol. 21. № 2. P. 103—117. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5153%2Fsro.3952
Lobe B., Morgan D., Hoffman K.A. Qualitative Data Collection in an Era of Social Distancing // International Journal of Qualitative Methods. 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406920937875
Longhurst R. Semi-Structured Interviews and Focus Groups // Key Methods in Geography / Ed. by N. Clifford et al. Thousand Oaks: SAGE, 2003. P. 143—156.
Magnusson E., Marecek J. Doing Interview-Based Qualitative Research: A Learner's Guide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781107449893
Maitland C.F. Now You See It, Now You Don't: Digital Connectivity in Marginalized Communities // Computer. 2018. Vol. 51. № 6. P. 62—71. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/MC.2018.2701624
Novick G. Is There a Bias against Telephone Interviews in Qualitative Research? // Research in Nursing and Health. 2008. № 31. P. 391—398. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.20259
Oltmann Sh.M. Qualitative Interviews: A Methodological Discussion of the Interviewer and Respondent Contexts // Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research. 2016. Vol. 17. № 2. Art. 15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-17.2.2551
Opdenakker R. Advantages and Disadvantages of Four Interview Techniques in Qualitative Research // Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research. 2006. Vol. 7. № 4. Art. 11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-7.4.175
Orne M.T. On the Social Psychology of the Psychological Experiment: With Particular Reference to Demand Characteristics and Their Implications // American Psychologist. 1962. Vol. 17. № 11. P. 776—783. DOI: https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/h0043424
Puddister K., Small T.S. Trial by Zoom? The Response to COVID-19 by Canada's Courts // Canadian Journal of Political Science. 2020. Vol. 53. № 2. P. 373—377. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS0008423920000505
Sandelowski M. Reembodying Qualitative Inquiry // Qualitative Health Research. 2002. Vol. 12. № 1. P. 104—115. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732302012001008
Seitz S. Pixilated Partnerships, Overcoming Obstacles in Qualitative Interviews via Skype: A Research Note // Qualitative Research. 2016. Vol. 16. № 2. P. 229—235. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1468794115577011
Shuy R.W. In-Person Versus Telephone Interviewing // Handbook of Interview Research: Context and Method / Ed. by J.F. Gubrium, J.A. Holstein. Thousand Oaks: SAGE, 2002. P. 537—555. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412973588.n32
Sipes J.B.A., Roberts L.D., Mullan B. Voice-Only Skype for Use in Researching Sensitive Topics: A Research Note // Qualitative Research in Psychology. 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14780887.2019.1577518
Skinner K. et al. Giving Voice to Food Insecurity in a Remote Indigenous Community in Subarctic Ontario, Canada: Traditional Ways, Way to Cope, Ways Forward // BMC Public Health. 2013. № 13. Art. 427. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-427
Stephens N. Collecting Data from Elites and Ultra Elites: Telephone and Face-to-Face Interviews with Macroeconomists // Qualitative Research. 2007. Vol. 7. № 2. P. 203—216. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794107076020
Sturges J.E., Hanrahan K.J. Comparing Telephone and Face-to-Face Qualitative Interviewing: A Research Note // Qualitative Research. 2004. Vol. 4. № 1. P. 107—118. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1468794104041110
Sullivan J.R. Skype: An Appropriate Method of Data Collection for Qualitative Interviews? // The Hilltop Review. 2012. Vol. 6. № 1. P. 54—60.
Sweet L. Telephone Interviewing: Is It Compatible with Interpretive Phenomenological Research? // Contemporary Nurse. 2002. Vol. 12. № 1. P. 58—63. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5172/conu.12.1.58
Sy M. et al. Doing Interprofessional Research in the COVID-19 Era: A Discussion Paper // Journal of Interprofessional Care. 2020. Vol. 34. № 5. P. 600—606. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13561820.2020.1791808
Taylor S.J., Bogdan R., DeVault M. Introduction to Qualitative Research Methods: A Guidebook and Resource. 4th ed. Hoboken: Wiley, 2015.
Vogl S. Telephone Versus Face-to-Face Interviews: Mode Effect on Semi-Structured Interviews with Children // Sociological Methodology. 2013. Vol. 43. № 1. P. 133—177. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0081175012465967
Ward K., Gott M., Hoare K. Participants' Views of Telephone Interviews within a Grounded Theory Study // Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2015. Vol. 71. № 12. P. 2775—2785. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.12748
Whale K. The Use of Skype and Telephone Interviews in Sensitive Qualitative Research with Young People: Experiences from the ROCCA Continence Study // Qualitative Methods Psychology Bulletin. 2017. Vol. 23. URL: https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/en/publications/the-use-of-skype-and-telephone-interviews-in-sensitive-qualitativ (accessed 23 August 2021).
Williams S., Sheffield D., Knibb R.C. “Everything's from the Inside out with PCOS”: Exploring Women's Experiences of Living with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Comorbidities through Skype Interviews // Health Psychology Open. 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2055102915603051
Wilson V. Research Methods: Interviews // Evidence Based Library and Information Practice. 2012. Vol. 7. № 2. P. 96¬—98. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18438/B89P5B
Article
Received: 25.09.2021
Accepted: 26.12.2021
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Self, B., & Ryazantsev, A. P. (2021). Conducting Interviews during the COVID-19 Pandemic and Beyond. Interaction. Interview. Interpretation, 13(4), 9-27. https://doi.org/10.19181/inter.2021.13.4.1
Section
Research Reflection
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