Свидетели травли: что побуждает школьников вмешиваться или оставаться в стороне
Научная статья
Для цитирования
Букина А. А., Елисеева Е. В., Петрова Е. И., Титкова В. В. Свидетели травли: что побуждает школьников вмешиваться или оставаться в стороне // Интеракция. Интервью. Интерпретация. 2024. Том 16. № 4. С. 96-112. DOI: https://doi.org/10.19181/inter.2024.16.4.6 EDN: RTVNHW
Аннотация
В статье рассматриваются причины (не)вмешательства свидетелей в защиту жертв школьной травли. Мы исследуем феномен отчуждения моральной ответственности среди школьников 8–10 классов из двух школ Санкт-Петербурга. Анализ 42 интервью показал, что невмешательство сопровождается страхом, равнодушием, убеждением в заслуженности травли. Страх ухудшения своего положения в иерархии группы и боязнь стать следующей жертвой травли являются сдерживающими факторами, из-за которых учащиеся остаются пассивными наблюдателями. Равнодушие среди школьников часто объясняется сосредоточенностью на собственных проблемах, дистанцированием от трудностей других. Обвинение жертв делает вмешательство социально нежелательным действием.Вмешательство и помощь жертвам мотивируется наличием дружеских отношений с жертвой, чувством моральной ответственности за благополучие окружающих, личным опытом пережитых издевательств.Результаты исследования важны для разработки антибуллинговых программ и создания благополучной школьной среды. Работая с причинами невмешательства, можно научить школьников быть социально ответственными за свое поведение и поведение окружающих.
Ключевые слова:
школьный буллинг, свидетели буллинга, отчуждение моральной ответственности, школьники
Литература
Новикова М.А., Реан А.А., Коновалов И.А. Буллинг в российских школах: опыт диагностики распространенности, половозрастных особенностей и связи со школьным климатом // Вопросы образования. 2021. № 3. С. 62–90. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17323/1814-9545-2021-3-62-90 EDN: UAIWHS
Bandura A. (1997) Self-efficacy: The Exercise of Control. New York: W.H. Freeman.
Bandura A. (2002) Selective Moral Disengagement in the Exercise of Moral Agency. Journal of Moral Education. Vol. 31. No. 2. P. 101–119. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0305724022014322
Bauman S., Yoon J., Iurino C., Hackett L. (2020) Experiences of Adolescent Witnesses to Peer Victimization: The Bystander Effect. Journal of School Psychology. Vol. 80. P. 1–14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2020.03.002
Bistrong E., Bottiani J.H., Bradshaw C.P. (2019) Youth Reactions to Bullying: Exploring the Factors Associated with Students’ Willingness to Intervene. Journal of School Violence. Vol. 18. No. 4. P. 522–535. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15388220.2019.1576048
Bjärehed M., Thornberg R., Wänström L., Gini G. (2020) Mechanisms of Moral Disengagement and Their Associations with Indirect Bullying, Direct Bullying, and Pro-Aggressive Bystander Behavior. The Journal of Early Adolescence. Vol. 40. No. 1. P. 28–55. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431618824745
Blakemore S.-J. (2018) Avoiding Social Risk in Adolescence. Current Directions in Psychological Science. Vol. 27. No. 2. P. 116–122. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/g2q9e
Carrera M.V., DePalma R., Lameiras M. (2011) Toward a More Comprehensive Understanding of Bullying in School Settings. Educational Psychology Review. Vol. 23. No. 4. P. 479–499. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10648-011-9171-x
deLara E.W. (2022) Family Bullying in Childhood: Consequences for Young Adults. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. Vol. 37. No. 3–4. P. 206–226. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260520934450
Donoghue C., Raia-Hawrylak A. (2016) Moving beyond the Emphasis on Bullying: A Generalized Approach to Peer Aggression in High School. Children & Schools. Vol. 38. No. 1. P. 30–39. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/cs/cdv042
Due P., Holstein B.E., Soc M.S. (2008) Bullying Victimization among 13 to 15-year-old School Children: Results from Two Comparative Studies in 66 Countries and Regions. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health. Vol. 20. No. 2. P. 209–221. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/IJAMH.2008.20.2.209
Evans C.B.R., Smokowski P.R. (2016) Theoretical Explanations for Bullying in School: How Ecological Processes Propagate Perpetration and Victimization. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal. Vol. 33. No. 4. P. 365–375.DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10560-015-0432-2
Garandeau C.F., Lee I.A., Salmivalli C. (2014) Inequality Matters: Classroom Status Hierarchy and Adolescents’ Bullying. Journal of Youth and Adolescence. Vol. 43. No. 7. P. 1123–1133. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-013-0040-4
Halliday S., Gregory T., Taylor A., Digenis C., Turnbull D. (2021) The Impact of Bullying Victimization in Early Adolescence on Subsequent Psychosocial and Academic Outcomes across the Adolescent Period: A Systematic Review. Journal of School Violence. Vol. 20. No. 3. P. 351–373. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15388220.2021.1913598
Harbin S., Kelley M., Piscitello J., Walker S. (2018) Multidimensional Bullying Victimization Scale: Development and Validation. Journal of School Violence. Vol. 18. No. 1. P. 1–16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15388220.2017.1423491
Hymel S., Swearer S.M. (2015) Four Decades of Research on School Bullying: An Introduction. American Psychologist. Vol. 70. No. 4. P. 293–299. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038928
Ivaniushina V., Khodorenko D., Alexandrov D. (2021) Age and Gender Differences and the Contribution of School Size and Type in the Prevalence of Bullying. Educational Studies. No. 4. P. 220–242. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17323/1814-9545-2021-4-220-242
Jiang S., Liu R.-D., Ding Y., Jiang R., Fu X., Hong W. (2020). Why the Victims of Bullying Are More Likely to Avoid Involvement When Witnessing Bullying Situations: The Role of Bullying Sensitivity and Moral Disengagement. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. Vol. 37. No. 5–6. P. 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260520948142
Juvonen J., Graham S. (2014) Bullying in Schools: The Power of Bullies and the Plight of Victims. Annual Review of Psychology. Vol. 65. P. 159–185. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115030
Moral M.V., Ovejero A. (2021) Adolescents’ Attitudes to Bullying and its Relationship to Perceived Family Social Climate. Psicothema. Vol. 33. No. 4. P. 579–586. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2021.45
Nickerson A.B., Mele D., Princiotta D. (2008) Attachment and Empathy as Predictors of Roles as Defenders or Outsiders in Bullying Interactions. Journal of School Psychology. Vol. 46. No. 6. P. 687–703. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2008.06.002
Nickerson A.B., Mele-Taylor D. (2014) Empathetic Responsiveness, Group Norms, and Prosocial Affiliations in Bullying Roles. School Psychology Quarterly. Vol. 29. No. 1. P. 99–109. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/spq0000052
OECD (2020) “Bullying”. PISA 2018 Results (Volume III): What School Life Means for Students’ Lives. Paris: OECD Publishing. P. 45–65. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1787/cd52fb72-en.
Olweus D. (1991) Bully/Victim Problems among Schoolchildren: Basic Facts and Effects of a School Based Intervention Program. The Development and Treatment of Childhood Aggression. Lawrence: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. P. 411–448.
Pat F., Bass III M.D., Scholer S., Flannery D., Lichenstein R. (2019) How to Identify and Treat Bullying. Contemporary PEDS Journal. Vol. 36 No. 6. P. 30–34.
Perren S., Gutzwiller-Helfenfinger E., Malti T., Hymel S. (2012) Moral Reasoning and Emotion Attributions of Adolescent Bullies, Victims, and Bully-victims. British Journal of Developmental Psychology. Vol. 30. No. 4. P. 511–530. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-835X.2011.02059.x
Runions K.C., Shaw T., Bussey K., Thornberg R., Salmivalli C., Cross D.S. (2019) Moral Disengagement of Pure Bullies and Bully/Victims: Shared and Distinct Mechanisms. Journal of Youth and Adolescence. Vol. 48. P. 1835–1848. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-019-01067-2
Sjögren B., Thornberg R., Kim J., Hong J.S., Kloo M. (2024) Basic Moral Sensitivity, Moral Disengagement, and Defender Self-efficacy as Predictors of Students’ Self-reported Bystander Behaviors over a School Year: A Growth Curve Analysis. Frontiers in Psychology. Vol. 15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1378755
Thornberg R., Bjereld Y., Caravita S.C. (2023) Moral Disengagement and Bullying: Sex and Age Trends among Swedish Students. Cogent Education. Vol. 10. No. 1. P. 679–690. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2023.2203604
Thornberg R., Daremark E., Gottfridsson J., Gini G. (2020) Situationally Selective Activation of Moral Disengagement Mechanisms in School Bullying: A Repeated Within-Subjects Experimental Study. Frontiers in Psychology. Vol. 11. P. 1–13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01101
Thornberg R., Jungert T. (2013) Bystander Behavior in Bullying Situations: Basic Moral Sensitivity, Moral Disengagement and Defender Self‐efficacy. Journal of Adolescence. Vol. 36. No. 3. P. 475–483. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.02.003
Thornberg R., Jungert T. (2014) School Bullying and the Mechanisms of Moral Disengagement. Aggressive Behavior. Vol. 40. No. 2. P. 99–108. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21509
Thornberg R., Wänström L., Elmelid R., Johansson A., Mellander E. (2020) Standing up for the Victim or Supporting the Bully? Bystander Responses and Their Associations with Moral Disengagement, Defender Self-efficacy, and Collective Efficacy. Social Psychology of Education. Vol. 23. No. 3. P. 563–581. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-020-09549-z
Wachs S., Görzig A., Wright M.F., Schubarth W., Bilz L. (2020) Associations among Adolescents’ Relationships with Parents, Peers, and Teachers, Self-Efficacy, and Willingness to Intervene in Bullying: A Social Cognitive Approach. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. Vol. 17. No. 2. P. 1–16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020420
Wang J., Iannotti R.J., Nansel T.R. (2009) School Bullying among Adolescents in the United States: Physical, Verbal, Relational, and Cyber. Journal of Adolescent Health. Vol. 45. No. 4. P. 368–375. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.03.021
Yang L., Gao T. (2023) Defending or Not? The Role of Peer Status, Social Self-efficacy, and Moral Disengagement on Chinese Adolescents’ Bystander Behaviors in Bullying Situations. Current Psychology. Vol. 42. No. 33. P. 29616–29627. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-04039-1
Bandura A. (1997) Self-efficacy: The Exercise of Control. New York: W.H. Freeman.
Bandura A. (2002) Selective Moral Disengagement in the Exercise of Moral Agency. Journal of Moral Education. Vol. 31. No. 2. P. 101–119. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0305724022014322
Bauman S., Yoon J., Iurino C., Hackett L. (2020) Experiences of Adolescent Witnesses to Peer Victimization: The Bystander Effect. Journal of School Psychology. Vol. 80. P. 1–14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2020.03.002
Bistrong E., Bottiani J.H., Bradshaw C.P. (2019) Youth Reactions to Bullying: Exploring the Factors Associated with Students’ Willingness to Intervene. Journal of School Violence. Vol. 18. No. 4. P. 522–535. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15388220.2019.1576048
Bjärehed M., Thornberg R., Wänström L., Gini G. (2020) Mechanisms of Moral Disengagement and Their Associations with Indirect Bullying, Direct Bullying, and Pro-Aggressive Bystander Behavior. The Journal of Early Adolescence. Vol. 40. No. 1. P. 28–55. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431618824745
Blakemore S.-J. (2018) Avoiding Social Risk in Adolescence. Current Directions in Psychological Science. Vol. 27. No. 2. P. 116–122. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/g2q9e
Carrera M.V., DePalma R., Lameiras M. (2011) Toward a More Comprehensive Understanding of Bullying in School Settings. Educational Psychology Review. Vol. 23. No. 4. P. 479–499. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10648-011-9171-x
deLara E.W. (2022) Family Bullying in Childhood: Consequences for Young Adults. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. Vol. 37. No. 3–4. P. 206–226. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260520934450
Donoghue C., Raia-Hawrylak A. (2016) Moving beyond the Emphasis on Bullying: A Generalized Approach to Peer Aggression in High School. Children & Schools. Vol. 38. No. 1. P. 30–39. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/cs/cdv042
Due P., Holstein B.E., Soc M.S. (2008) Bullying Victimization among 13 to 15-year-old School Children: Results from Two Comparative Studies in 66 Countries and Regions. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health. Vol. 20. No. 2. P. 209–221. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/IJAMH.2008.20.2.209
Evans C.B.R., Smokowski P.R. (2016) Theoretical Explanations for Bullying in School: How Ecological Processes Propagate Perpetration and Victimization. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal. Vol. 33. No. 4. P. 365–375.DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10560-015-0432-2
Garandeau C.F., Lee I.A., Salmivalli C. (2014) Inequality Matters: Classroom Status Hierarchy and Adolescents’ Bullying. Journal of Youth and Adolescence. Vol. 43. No. 7. P. 1123–1133. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-013-0040-4
Halliday S., Gregory T., Taylor A., Digenis C., Turnbull D. (2021) The Impact of Bullying Victimization in Early Adolescence on Subsequent Psychosocial and Academic Outcomes across the Adolescent Period: A Systematic Review. Journal of School Violence. Vol. 20. No. 3. P. 351–373. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15388220.2021.1913598
Harbin S., Kelley M., Piscitello J., Walker S. (2018) Multidimensional Bullying Victimization Scale: Development and Validation. Journal of School Violence. Vol. 18. No. 1. P. 1–16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15388220.2017.1423491
Hymel S., Swearer S.M. (2015) Four Decades of Research on School Bullying: An Introduction. American Psychologist. Vol. 70. No. 4. P. 293–299. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038928
Ivaniushina V., Khodorenko D., Alexandrov D. (2021) Age and Gender Differences and the Contribution of School Size and Type in the Prevalence of Bullying. Educational Studies. No. 4. P. 220–242. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17323/1814-9545-2021-4-220-242
Jiang S., Liu R.-D., Ding Y., Jiang R., Fu X., Hong W. (2020). Why the Victims of Bullying Are More Likely to Avoid Involvement When Witnessing Bullying Situations: The Role of Bullying Sensitivity and Moral Disengagement. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. Vol. 37. No. 5–6. P. 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260520948142
Juvonen J., Graham S. (2014) Bullying in Schools: The Power of Bullies and the Plight of Victims. Annual Review of Psychology. Vol. 65. P. 159–185. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115030
Moral M.V., Ovejero A. (2021) Adolescents’ Attitudes to Bullying and its Relationship to Perceived Family Social Climate. Psicothema. Vol. 33. No. 4. P. 579–586. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2021.45
Nickerson A.B., Mele D., Princiotta D. (2008) Attachment and Empathy as Predictors of Roles as Defenders or Outsiders in Bullying Interactions. Journal of School Psychology. Vol. 46. No. 6. P. 687–703. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2008.06.002
Nickerson A.B., Mele-Taylor D. (2014) Empathetic Responsiveness, Group Norms, and Prosocial Affiliations in Bullying Roles. School Psychology Quarterly. Vol. 29. No. 1. P. 99–109. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/spq0000052
OECD (2020) “Bullying”. PISA 2018 Results (Volume III): What School Life Means for Students’ Lives. Paris: OECD Publishing. P. 45–65. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1787/cd52fb72-en.
Olweus D. (1991) Bully/Victim Problems among Schoolchildren: Basic Facts and Effects of a School Based Intervention Program. The Development and Treatment of Childhood Aggression. Lawrence: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. P. 411–448.
Pat F., Bass III M.D., Scholer S., Flannery D., Lichenstein R. (2019) How to Identify and Treat Bullying. Contemporary PEDS Journal. Vol. 36 No. 6. P. 30–34.
Perren S., Gutzwiller-Helfenfinger E., Malti T., Hymel S. (2012) Moral Reasoning and Emotion Attributions of Adolescent Bullies, Victims, and Bully-victims. British Journal of Developmental Psychology. Vol. 30. No. 4. P. 511–530. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-835X.2011.02059.x
Runions K.C., Shaw T., Bussey K., Thornberg R., Salmivalli C., Cross D.S. (2019) Moral Disengagement of Pure Bullies and Bully/Victims: Shared and Distinct Mechanisms. Journal of Youth and Adolescence. Vol. 48. P. 1835–1848. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-019-01067-2
Sjögren B., Thornberg R., Kim J., Hong J.S., Kloo M. (2024) Basic Moral Sensitivity, Moral Disengagement, and Defender Self-efficacy as Predictors of Students’ Self-reported Bystander Behaviors over a School Year: A Growth Curve Analysis. Frontiers in Psychology. Vol. 15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1378755
Thornberg R., Bjereld Y., Caravita S.C. (2023) Moral Disengagement and Bullying: Sex and Age Trends among Swedish Students. Cogent Education. Vol. 10. No. 1. P. 679–690. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2023.2203604
Thornberg R., Daremark E., Gottfridsson J., Gini G. (2020) Situationally Selective Activation of Moral Disengagement Mechanisms in School Bullying: A Repeated Within-Subjects Experimental Study. Frontiers in Psychology. Vol. 11. P. 1–13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01101
Thornberg R., Jungert T. (2013) Bystander Behavior in Bullying Situations: Basic Moral Sensitivity, Moral Disengagement and Defender Self‐efficacy. Journal of Adolescence. Vol. 36. No. 3. P. 475–483. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.02.003
Thornberg R., Jungert T. (2014) School Bullying and the Mechanisms of Moral Disengagement. Aggressive Behavior. Vol. 40. No. 2. P. 99–108. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21509
Thornberg R., Wänström L., Elmelid R., Johansson A., Mellander E. (2020) Standing up for the Victim or Supporting the Bully? Bystander Responses and Their Associations with Moral Disengagement, Defender Self-efficacy, and Collective Efficacy. Social Psychology of Education. Vol. 23. No. 3. P. 563–581. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-020-09549-z
Wachs S., Görzig A., Wright M.F., Schubarth W., Bilz L. (2020) Associations among Adolescents’ Relationships with Parents, Peers, and Teachers, Self-Efficacy, and Willingness to Intervene in Bullying: A Social Cognitive Approach. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. Vol. 17. No. 2. P. 1–16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020420
Wang J., Iannotti R.J., Nansel T.R. (2009) School Bullying among Adolescents in the United States: Physical, Verbal, Relational, and Cyber. Journal of Adolescent Health. Vol. 45. No. 4. P. 368–375. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.03.021
Yang L., Gao T. (2023) Defending or Not? The Role of Peer Status, Social Self-efficacy, and Moral Disengagement on Chinese Adolescents’ Bystander Behaviors in Bullying Situations. Current Psychology. Vol. 42. No. 33. P. 29616–29627. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-04039-1
Статья
Поступила: 13.10.2024
Опубликована: 25.12.2024
Форматы цитирования
Другие форматы цитирования:
APA
Букина, А. А., Елисеева, Е. В., Петрова, Е. И., & Титкова, В. В. (2024). Свидетели травли: что побуждает школьников вмешиваться или оставаться в стороне. Интеракция. Интервью. Интерпретация, 16(4), 96-112. https://doi.org/10.19181/inter.2024.16.4.6
Раздел
Полевые исследования
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