На границе ролей: ролевая двойственность и лиминальное знание в полевой этнографии
Научная статья
Для цитирования
Пинчук О. В. На границе ролей: ролевая двойственность и лиминальное знание в полевой этнографии // Интеракция. Интервью. Интерпретация. 2025. Том 17. № 4. С. 33-55. DOI: https://doi.org/10.19181/inter.2025.17.4.2 EDN: NUPEGW
Аннотация
В статье предлагается переосмысление ролевой двойственности этнографа не как этической или методологической «проблемы», а как эпистемологического преимущества. Опираясь на концепцию «сценического порядка» Э. Гоффмана, я показываю, что исследователь неизбежно включен в поддержание совместной «сцены», внутри которой его позиция со-конструируется вместе с другими участниками. Такая перспектива позволяет заново взглянуть на классическую оппозицию «естественного» и «спровоцированного»: в повседневности «естественное» предстает как результат постоянных согласований, а присутствие исследователя оказывается частью нормального хода вещей и не искажает его. На этом основании вводится понятие лиминального знания — знания, возникающего в переходах между участием и наблюдением, когда подвижные границы ролей и сами переключения становятся источником аналитической чувствительности. В статье выделяются три взаимосвязанных уровня рефлексии как формы присутствия: во-первых, методологическая (корректировка способов участия в ходе полевой работы); во-вторых, структурная (включенная объективация социальных условий познания в духе П. Бурдье); в-третьих, аналитическая (использование телесных, аффективных и практических переживаний исследователя как эмпирического материала). Эмпирическая часть опирается на полевое исследование труда на фабрике (работа упаковщицей и оператором) и показывает, как соблюдение нормы, изобретательность в условиях поломок и локальные формы солидарности становятся видимыми лишь изнутри участия, где исследователь одновременно действует и анализирует действие. В заключении предложена рабочая типология режимов участия: участник по опыту, участник в роли, участник по умолчанию, участник в роли по опыту, — позволяющая описать спектр промежуточных позиций между «инсайдером» и «аутсайдером». Теоретический вклад статьи заключается в операционализации лиминального знания через систематическую рефлексию и в переопределении валидности этнографического знания как прозрачности и осмысленности переходов между ролями.
Ключевые слова:
этнография, ролевая двойственность, рефлексия, лиминальное знание, инсайдерство, аутсайдерство, сценический порядок, участие, наблюдение
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Fisher J.A., Monahan T. (2023) Mutual Emotional Labor as Method: Building Connections of Care in Qualitative Research. The Qualitative Report. Vol. 28. No.11. P. 3192–3212. DOI: https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2023.6251
Forberg P., Schilt K. (2023) What Is Ethnographic about Digital Ethnography? A Sociological Perspective. Frontiers in Sociology. Vol. 8. P. 1–15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2023.1156776
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Статья
Поступила: 29.10.2025
Опубликована: 24.12.2025
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Пинчук, О. В. (2025). На границе ролей: ролевая двойственность и лиминальное знание в полевой этнографии. Интеракция. Интервью. Интерпретация, 17(4), 33-55. https://doi.org/10.19181/inter.2025.17.4.2
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