Неформальная гендерная дискриминация в мужских рабочих профессиях: скрытые барьеры. Кейс-стади помощницы машиниста электропоезда в России
Научная статья
Выражение признательности
Исследование реализовано при поддержке факультета социальных наук, Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики».
Для цитирования
Бульченко Н. В. Неформальная гендерная дискриминация в мужских рабочих профессиях: скрытые барьеры. Кейс-стади помощницы машиниста электропоезда в России // Интеракция. Интервью. Интерпретация. 2026. Том 18. № 1. С. 127-145. DOI: https://doi.org/10.19181/inter.2026.18.1.7 (in English).
Аннотация
Статья посвящена неформальной гендерной дискриминации в ранее запрещенных для женщин профессиях. Несмотря на исключение профессий помощницы машиниста и машинистки поезда из списка запрещенных профессий в 2021 году, женщины по-прежнему экстремально недопредставлены в локомотивных бригадах российских железных дорог: трудоустройство женщин на эти должности составляет единичные случаи на фоне десятков тысяч мужчин. Целью объяснительного кейс-стади стало выявление неформальных барьеров, препятствующих массовому притоку женщин в профессии помощницы машиниста и машинистки электропоезда. Проведенные в течение трех лет четыре глубинных интервью о повседневности рабочих будней с уникальной респонденткой — единственной женщиной, работающей помощницей машиниста электропоезда в одном из регионов России — позволили определить восемь категорий неформальной гендерной дискриминации, включая дефицит информации о трудоустройстве, финансовые затраты и разрывы, «мужской» медицинский стандарт, «мужские квоты», гендерные стереотипы и сексистские предрассудки о женщинах, домогательства, потерю личного времени и «самоисполняющееся пророчество». Все неформальные барьеры не связаны с биологией женского пола; они социально сконструированы; для их устранения требуются институциональные меры. Неформальные экономические барьеры, выявленные в кейс-стади, специфичны для провинций современной России; барьеры в Москве могут отличаться по экономическим причинам. В статье также прослеживается историческое развитие международного и отечественного права в области трудовых запретов для женщин и обсуждается современное влияние легальных барьеров на женский рынок труда, в частности, ограничение доступа к образованию и целым секторам отраслей экономики, феминизация бедности и усиление гендерных стереотипов о слабости женщин и единственно приемлемой материнской роли для самореализации. Исследование подчеркивает необходимость эффективной институциональной политики для устранения скрытых барьеров и содействия гендерному равенству в отраслях, где доминируют мужчины.
Ключевые слова:
неформальная экономическая дискриминация, гендерная дискриминация на рынке труда, список запрещенных для женщин профессий в России, женщины в мужских сферах труда, женщины на железных дорогах в России
Литература
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Kvale S. (2003) Issledovatelskoe intervyu [Interviews: An Introduction to Qualitative Research Interviewing]. Moscow: Izdatelstvo Smysl. (In Russ.)
Lipasova A. (2017) Fatherhood in the Russian Provinces: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis. Zhurnal issledovanij socialnoj politiki [The Journal of Social Policy Studies]. Vol. 15. No. 4. P. 629–642. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17323/727-0634-2017-15-4-629-642
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Qu J. (2020) Case Studies Towards the Analysis of Total Social Construction. Chinese Journal of Sociology. Vol. 6. No. 3. P. 457–493. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2057150x20942969
Rebrey S.M. (2023) Involved Fatherhood in Russia. Population and Economics. Vol. 7. No. 3. P. 48–69. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/popecon.7.e107546
Rozhdestvenskaya E.Yu. (2012) Biograficheskii metod v sociologii [Biographical Method in Sociology]. Moscow: Izdatelskii dom VShE. (In Russ.)
Ryan M., Haslam S. (2005) The Glass Cliff: Evidence that Women are Over‐Represented in Precarious Leadership Positions. British Journal of Management. Vol. 16. No. 2. P. 81–90. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8551.2005.00433.xr
Savinskaya O. (2024) The Diversification of the Russian Gender Contract and the Conservative Turn. Europe-Asia Studies. Vol. 76. No. 2. P. 265–283. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2024.2323115
Schütze F. (1984) Kognitive Figuren des Autobiographischen Stegreiferzählens. In: Kohli M., Robert G. (eds) Biographie und Soziale Wirklichkeit. Neue Beiträge und Forschungsperspektiven. Stuttgart: Metzler. P. 78–117.
Shabalina X.V. (2024) Spiski zapreshchennyh professij dlya zhenshchin i ogranichenie prav zhenshchin na trud v gosudarstvah-chlenah EAES. Sozdanie ravnyh uslovij na dostup k trudu muzhchin i zhenshchin v ramkah EEAS. Pravovoe sotrudnichestvo gosudarstv v kontekste idei bolshogo evrazijskogo partnerstva. [Lists of Prohibited Professions for Women and Restrictions of Women’s Rights to Work in the Member States of the EAEU. Creating Equal Conditions for Access to Labor for Men and Women within the Framework of the EAEU. Legal Cooperation of States in the Context of the Idea of a Large Eurasian Partnership]. Ekaterinburg: Uralskij gosudarstvennyj yuridicheskij universitet im. V.F. Yakovleva. (In Russ.)
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Stake R.E. (1995) The Art of Case Study Research. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Staub M., Rafnsdóttir G.L. (2019) Gender, Agency, and Time Use Among Doctorate Holders: The Case of Iceland. Time and Society. Vol. 29. No. 1. P. 143–165. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0961463x19884481
Ukhova D. (2021) Doing Gender with Class: Gender Division of Unpaid Work in Russian Middle-Class Dual Earner Heterosexual Households. Journal of Family Issues. Vol. 43. No. 12. P. 3244–3270. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513x211042846
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Yap M., Konrad A. (2009) Gender and Racial Differentials in Promotions: Is There a Sticky Floor, a Mid-Level Bottleneck, or a Glass Ceiling? Relations Industrielles / Industrial Relations. Vol. 64. No. 4. P. 593–619.
Yin R.K. (2024) Case Study Research Design and Methods (5th ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Zhu Z., Wang Y. (2023) Unequal Opportunity Issues Faced by Asian Women in The Workplace: Literature Review. Communications in Humanities Research. Vol. 5. No. 1. P. 58–66. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54254/2753-7064/5/20230042
Baskakova M. (2023) State Regulation of Women’s Employment and Occupational Segregation in the Russian Labour Sphere — 100 Years of History (Part 1. 1918–1945). Voprosy teoreticheskoy ekonomiki [Issues of Economic Theory]. No. 3. P. 127–146. (In Russ.) DOI: https://doi.org/10.52342/2587-7666VTE_2023_3_127_146
Begeny C.T. et al. (2020) In Some Professions, Women Have Become Well Represented, Yet Gender Bias Persists — Perpetuated by Those Who Think It Is Not Happening. Science Advances. Vol. 26. No. 6. P. 1–10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aba7814
Bryson V. (2007) Gender and the Politics of Time: Feminist Theory and Contemporary Debates. Bristol: The Polity Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt9qgwcr
Bugdaeva E.A. (2023) Household Time Allocation in Russia: Economic or Sociocultural Model? Population and Economics. Vol. 7. No. 3. P. 70–104. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/popecon.7.e101852
Christopherson C.K. et al (2022) Tackling Legal Impediments to Women’s Economic Empowerment. IMF Working Papers.
Cotter D. et al (2001) The Glass Ceiling Effect. Social Forces. Vol. 80. No. 2. P. 665–681. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2001.0091
Foley M. et al (2022) “I’ll Never Be One of the Boys”: Gender Harassment of Women Working as Pilots and Automotive Tradespeople. Gender, Work & Organization. Vol. 29. No. 5. P. 1676–1691. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12443
Galea N. et al (2020) The Gendered Dimensions of Informal Institutions in the Australian Construction Industry. Gender Work Organ. Vol. 27. P. 1214–1231. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12458
Harding S. (1986) The Science Question in Feminism. Cornell University Press. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.
Khasbulatova O.A. (2004) The Movement of Female Social Workers in the 1930s as a Technology of State Policy for the Involvement of Housewives in Public Production. Zhenshchina v rossijskom obshchestve [Woman in Russian Society]. No. 33. P. 43–56. (In Russ.)
Kvale S. (2003) Issledovatelskoe intervyu [Interviews: An Introduction to Qualitative Research Interviewing]. Moscow: Izdatelstvo Smysl. (In Russ.)
Lipasova A. (2017) Fatherhood in the Russian Provinces: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis. Zhurnal issledovanij socialnoj politiki [The Journal of Social Policy Studies]. Vol. 15. No. 4. P. 629–642. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17323/727-0634-2017-15-4-629-642
McClean E. et al (2018) The Social Consequences of Voice: An Examination of Voice Type and Gender on Status and Subsequent Leader Emergence. Academy of Management Journal. Vol. 61. No. 5. P. 1869–1891. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2016.0148
Merton R.K. (1948) The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy. The Antioch Review. Vol. 8. No. 2. P. 193–210.
Miller W., Kerr B., Reid M. (1999) A National Study of Gender-Based Occupational Segregation in Municipal Bureaucracies: Persistence of Glass Walls? Public Administration Review. Vol. 59. No. 3. P. 218–230. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3109950
Miryasova O. (2020) Nasilie i domogatelstva v sfere truda v sovremennoj Rossii. Institucional'nyj vakuum kak predposylka dlya aktivizacii rabotnikov [Violence and Harassment in Modern Russia. Institutional Vacuum as a Prerequisite for the Activation of Employees]. In: Lutova N., Suleymanova F. (eds.) Tipichnaya i netipichnaya zanyatost: perspektivy issledovanij i regulirovaniya (Pyatye Gusovskie chteniya): materialy Mezhdunarodnoj nauchno-prakticheskoj konferencii [Typical and Non-Typical Employment: Prospects of Research and Regulation (Fifth Gusov’s Readings): Report at the International conference]. Moscow: RG-Press. (In Russ.)
O’Connor P. et al (2021) Organisational Characteristics That Facilitate Gender-Based Violence and Harassment in Higher Education? Administrative Sciences. Vol. 11. No. 4. P. 1–13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci11040138
Palinkas L.A. et al (2015) Purposeful Sampling for Qualitative Data Collection and Analysis in Mixed Method Implementation Research. Adm Policy Ment Health. Vol. 42. No. 5. P. 533–544. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-013-0528-y
Qu J. (2020) Case Studies Towards the Analysis of Total Social Construction. Chinese Journal of Sociology. Vol. 6. No. 3. P. 457–493. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2057150x20942969
Rebrey S.M. (2023) Involved Fatherhood in Russia. Population and Economics. Vol. 7. No. 3. P. 48–69. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/popecon.7.e107546
Rozhdestvenskaya E.Yu. (2012) Biograficheskii metod v sociologii [Biographical Method in Sociology]. Moscow: Izdatelskii dom VShE. (In Russ.)
Ryan M., Haslam S. (2005) The Glass Cliff: Evidence that Women are Over‐Represented in Precarious Leadership Positions. British Journal of Management. Vol. 16. No. 2. P. 81–90. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8551.2005.00433.xr
Savinskaya O. (2024) The Diversification of the Russian Gender Contract and the Conservative Turn. Europe-Asia Studies. Vol. 76. No. 2. P. 265–283. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2024.2323115
Schütze F. (1984) Kognitive Figuren des Autobiographischen Stegreiferzählens. In: Kohli M., Robert G. (eds) Biographie und Soziale Wirklichkeit. Neue Beiträge und Forschungsperspektiven. Stuttgart: Metzler. P. 78–117.
Shabalina X.V. (2024) Spiski zapreshchennyh professij dlya zhenshchin i ogranichenie prav zhenshchin na trud v gosudarstvah-chlenah EAES. Sozdanie ravnyh uslovij na dostup k trudu muzhchin i zhenshchin v ramkah EEAS. Pravovoe sotrudnichestvo gosudarstv v kontekste idei bolshogo evrazijskogo partnerstva. [Lists of Prohibited Professions for Women and Restrictions of Women’s Rights to Work in the Member States of the EAEU. Creating Equal Conditions for Access to Labor for Men and Women within the Framework of the EAEU. Legal Cooperation of States in the Context of the Idea of a Large Eurasian Partnership]. Ekaterinburg: Uralskij gosudarstvennyj yuridicheskij universitet im. V.F. Yakovleva. (In Russ.)
Smith D. (1974) Women’s Perspective as a Radical Critique of Sociology. Sociological Inquiry. Vol. 44. No. 1. P. 7–13.
Stake R.E. (1995) The Art of Case Study Research. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Staub M., Rafnsdóttir G.L. (2019) Gender, Agency, and Time Use Among Doctorate Holders: The Case of Iceland. Time and Society. Vol. 29. No. 1. P. 143–165. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0961463x19884481
Ukhova D. (2021) Doing Gender with Class: Gender Division of Unpaid Work in Russian Middle-Class Dual Earner Heterosexual Households. Journal of Family Issues. Vol. 43. No. 12. P. 3244–3270. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513x211042846
Viviers S., Mans-Kemp N. (2017) Board Gender Diversity and Corporate Citizenship Actions, Reporting and Reputation: A South African Perspective. The Journal of Corporate Citizenship. Vol. 66. P. 81–105. DOI: https://doi.org/10.9774/TandF.4700.2017.ju.00006
Welch C. et al (2011) Theorising from Case Studies: Towards a Pluralist Future for International Business Research. Journal of International Business Studies. Vol. 42. P. 740–762. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/jibs.2010.55
Williams M.J. et al (2025) Everyday Challenges to Women’s Presence and Authority Yield Greater Burnout and Less Persistence in a Male-Dominated Profession. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. Vol. 122. No. 20. P. 1–11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2415826122
Yap M., Konrad A. (2009) Gender and Racial Differentials in Promotions: Is There a Sticky Floor, a Mid-Level Bottleneck, or a Glass Ceiling? Relations Industrielles / Industrial Relations. Vol. 64. No. 4. P. 593–619.
Yin R.K. (2024) Case Study Research Design and Methods (5th ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Zhu Z., Wang Y. (2023) Unequal Opportunity Issues Faced by Asian Women in The Workplace: Literature Review. Communications in Humanities Research. Vol. 5. No. 1. P. 58–66. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54254/2753-7064/5/20230042
Статья
Поступила: 15.01.2026
Опубликована: 25.03.2026
Форматы цитирования
Другие форматы цитирования:
APA
Бульченко, Н. В. (2026). Неформальная гендерная дискриминация в мужских рабочих профессиях: скрытые барьеры. Кейс-стади помощницы машиниста электропоезда в России. Интеракция. Интервью. Интерпретация, 18(1), 127-145. https://doi.org/10.19181/inter.2026.18.1.7
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Социология профессий
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