«Очернить светлое и чистое, обелить темное и грязное»: представления россиян о потенциальных рисках фейковых новостей
Научная статья
Выражение признательности
Исследование поддержано Российским научным фондом (РНФ), грант № 23–78–01206 // Российский научный фонд. URL: https://rscf.ru/project/23-78-01206/
Для цитирования
Казун А. Д. «Очернить светлое и чистое, обелить темное и грязное»: представления россиян о потенциальных рисках фейковых новостей // Интеракция. Интервью. Интерпретация. 2025. Том 17. № 3. С. 35-54. DOI: https://doi.org/10.19181/inter.2025.17.3.2 EDN: ZQUXKW
Аннотация
В статье обсуждаются результаты исследования представлений россиян о возможных социальных последствиях распространения фейковых новостей. Изучение обыденных представлений о подобных рисках является важным, поскольку такие убеждения имеют реальные последствия и могут формировать поведение. В ходе полуструктурированных интервью (119 интервью, 2024 год) информанты проблематизировали распространенность фейковых новостей в современном мире и описывали широкий спектр возможных негативных последствий дезинформации, которые можно условно разделить на три группы угроз для общественной жизни: угрозы социальной солидарности; риски, связанные с индивидуальным благополучием; воздействие на функционирование социальных институтов. В первом случае речь идет об опасности политической дестабилизации, возникновения межгрупповых и межличностных конфликтов. Угрозы индивидуальному благополучию понимаются информантами как риски недостоверной информации для ментального и/или физического здоровья людей. Негативное влияние фейковых новостей на функционирование социальных институтов (например, медиасферу, институт выборов) обсуждается информантами менее интенсивно и менее эмоционально. Можно предположить, что информанты, оценивая последствия фейковых новостей, используют уже готовые шаблоны отношения к возможным рискам, к которым относятся сценарии паники («нас пугают»), раскола («нас хотят поссорить») и манипуляции. Представления информантов о рисках дезинформации формируются на пересечении личного опыта переживания значимых событий последних лет (пандемия COVID-19, начало специальной военной операции, экономические колебания), публичных дискуссий, которые предоставляют язык для осмысления проблемы и формируют уверенность в высокой распространенности фейков, а также более общих социально-культурных тенденций, к которым относятся распространение терапевтической культуры, поляризация и фрагментация общества. В целом представления о последствиях фейковых новостей являются контекстуальными и часто описываются на примере текущих событий.
Ключевые слова:
фейковые новости, дезинформация, потребление новостей, доверие к медиа, релятивизм фактов, медиаэффекты
Литература
Бирюкова С.С., Васильева Г.Г., Казун А.Д., Красильникова М.Д., Кузина О.Е., Моисеева Д.В., Назарбаева Е.А., Пишняк А.И., Халина Н.В. Барометр экономического поведения домохозяйств в России. № 3. М.: НИУ ВШЭ, 2024. URL: https://www.hse.ru/mirror/pubs/share/981539441.pdf (дата обращения: 18.08.2025).
Казун А.Д., Малыгина Н.С. Эмоциональный опыт думскроллинга: Как справиться с негативными новостями? // Интеракция. Интервью. Интерпретация. 2024. Т. 16. № 4. С. 78–95. DOI: https://doi.org/10.19181/inter.2024.16.4.5 EDN: MYGPYR
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Dobber T., Metoui N., Trilling D., Helberger N., de Vreese C. (2020) Do (Microtargeted) Deepfakes Have Real Effects on Political Attitudes? The International Journal of Press/Politics. Vol. 26. No. 1. P. 69–91. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161220944364
Egelhofer J.L., Boyer M., Lecheler S., Aaldering L. (2022) Populist Attitudes and Politicians’ Disinformation Accusations: Effects on Perceptions of Media and Politicians. Journal of Communication. Vol. 72. No. 6. P. 619–632. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqac031
Egelhofer J.L., Lecheler S. (2019) Fake News as a Two-Dimensional Phenomenon: A Framework and Research Agenda. Annals of the International Communication Association. Vol. 43. No. 2. P. 97–116. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2019.1602782
Farkas J., Schou J. (2018) Fake News as a Floating Signifier: Hegemony, Antagonism and the Politics of Falsehood. Javnost — The Public. Vol. 25. No. 3. P. 298–314. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2018.1463047
Freiling I., Stubenvoll M., Matthes J. (2023) Support for Misinformation Regulation on Social Media: It Is the Perceived Harm of Misinformation that Matters, Not He Perceived Amount. Policy & Internet. Vol. 15. No. 4. P. 731–749. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.360
Greene C.M., Murphy G. (2021) Quantifying the Effects of Fake News on Behavior: Evidence from a Study of COVID-19 Misinformation. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Vol. 27. No. 4. P. 773–784. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/xap0000371
Gros A.E. (2017) The Typicality and Habituality of Everyday Cognitive Experience in Alfred Schutz’s Phenomenology of the Lifeworld. Meta: Research in Hermeneutics, Phenomenology, and Practical Philosophy. Vol. 9. No. 1. P. 63–85.
Gunther A.C., Storey J.D. (2003) The Influence of Presumed Influence. Journal of Communication. Vol. 53. No. 2. P. 199–215. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2003.tb02586.x
Hameleers M. (2020) My Reality Is More Truthful Than Yours: Radical Right-Wing Politicians’ and Citizens’ Construction of “Fake” and “Truthfulness” on Social Media—Evidence from the United States and The Netherlands. International Journal of Communication. Vol. 14. P. 1135–1152.
Hameleers M., Brosius A., de Vreese C. H. (2022) Whom to Trust? Media Exposure Patterns of Citizens with Perceptions of Misinformation and Disinformation Related to the News Media. European Journal of Communication. Vol. 37. No. 3. P. 237–268. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/02673231211072667
Hasell A., Halversen A. (2024) Feeling Misinformed? The Role of Perceived Difficulty in Evaluating Information Online in News Avoidance and News Fatigue. Journalism Studies. Vol. 25. No. 12. P. 1441–1459. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2024.2345676
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Статья
Поступила: 17.03.2025
Опубликована: 30.09.2025
Форматы цитирования
Другие форматы цитирования:
APA
Казун, А. Д. (2025). «Очернить светлое и чистое, обелить темное и грязное»: представления россиян о потенциальных рисках фейковых новостей. Интеракция. Интервью. Интерпретация, 17(3), 35-54. https://doi.org/10.19181/inter.2025.17.3.2
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Полевые исследования
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